At present, carbon steel is mostly smelted by oxygen converter and flat furnace, and high quality carbon steel is also produced by electric arc furnace. According to the degree of deoxidation in the steelmaking process, carbon steel can be divided into killed steel, boiling steel and semi-killed steel between the two. The effect of the smelting method on the properties of the steel is mainly due to the purity of the steel. In recent years, people have obtained higher purity steel through vacuum treatment, refining and injection technology, which has significantly improved the quality of carbon steel. The plastic working process of carbon steel is usually divided into thermal processing and cold working. After hot working, defects such as small bubbles and looseness in the ingot are welded together to make the structure of the steel dense. At the same time, thermal processing can destroy the as-cast microstructure and refine the grains. The wrought steel has better mechanical properties than the as-cast state. The cold-worked steel increases in strength and hardness as the degree of cold plastic deformation increases, and the ductility and toughness decrease. In order to improve the yield, the continuous casting process is widely used.
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