Three characteristics of spring-based crop base fertilizer application

The base fertilizer is a fertilizer applied in combination with soil tillage before the crop is sown or transplanted, and planted. Its purpose is to create good soil nutrient conditions for the growth and development of spring crops to meet the basic requirements of soil nutrition during the entire growth period of the crop. To this end, base fertilizer application should have the following three characteristics:

The base fertilizer with multiple and comprehensive fertilizer sources and long-term fertilizer crops is preferably combined with organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Since the base fertilizer can be combined with deep tillage, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are simultaneously applied to the soil, which not only provides crop nutrition, but also fertilizes the soil, and realizes the combination of farming and land raising to achieve continuous yield increase. But in fact, in addition to the large application of organic fertilizers in economic crops such as vegetables and fruits, rice crops and even cotton use only chemical fertilizers as base fertilizers. The fertilizer used as the base fertilizer may be a compound fertilizer or a single fertilizer. At present, the proportion of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer has increased year by year, and the selection of medium-high concentration and special-purpose compound fertilizer has increased year by year. Among the nutrient ratios of compound fertilizers, the general type and medium nitrogen and high phosphorus type potassium type are more suitable as base fertilizer, while the high nitrogen, low phosphorus and low potassium type compound fertilizer is not suitable as base fertilizer.

The larger application rate determines the amount of base fertilizer to be sufficient. However, the total amount of recommendation is based on soil testing results and crop fertilizer requirements. The so-called application amount is relatively large, relative to the seed fertilizer and top dressing, not blindly increasing. In terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the proportion of base fertilizer is different. The proportion of base fertilizer of phosphorus and potassium accounts for 80% to 90% of the total recommended crops, which means that phosphorus and potassium are basically used in base fertilizer. However, nitrogen fertilizers are different, requiring up to half of the nitrogen fertilizer to be used as the base fertilizer, and half or more of the nitrogen fertilizer is used as a top dressing for high fertilization efficiency.

The application method must be based on the proper position of the fertilizer. The application amount of the base fertilizer should be combined with the mechanical tillage operation. The fertilizer can be applied to the appropriate depth and the position is in the crop root zone, so that the efficiency of fertilization is high. Therefore, the application of the base fertilizer is the root. Layer farming is carried out simultaneously and closely. Especially when organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are mixed and applied, a large amount of fertilizer is applied to a certain depth by ploughing or rotary tillage and mixed with soil; at present, the cultivation of spring-sown crops and the application of base fertilizer in most parts of northern China The rotary plough is mainly used, and the ploughing, hoeing and ploughing can be completed by the rotary plough. However, the rotary tiller has a shallow working depth, generally 10 to 12 cm. It is especially important to pay attention to the fact that the amount of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, is too large.

The location and distribution of base fertilizer application should be viewed from both horizontal and vertical directions. The horizontal plane is divided into two types: application and application. Spreading is to spread the organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer evenly on the surface of the soil, and then use the ploughshare to turn the fertilizer into the soil. This method is suitable for densely planted crops. The strip is applied to the fertilizer strip (about compound fertilizer and simple fertilizer) on the soil surface about 5 cm wide, and then turned into the soil with a plow. This allows for a limited blend of fertilizer and soil, the distribution of fertilizer is narrower than that of the application, and matches the row of crops. From the vertical direction, attention should be paid to the depth and level of fertilizer application. The depth of the base fertilizer is different for different crop types, such as 10-15 cm for vegetables, 15-20 cm for corn, and 20 cm for cotton. The stratified fertilization is mainly for the phosphate fertilizer. Because the mobility of the phosphate fertilizer is small, it is generally applied in two layers. The deep layer is the depth of the base fertilizer, and the shallow layer is about 10 cm. If the phosphate fertilizer is concentrated in the deep layer, it will cause the symptoms of phosphorus deficiency at the seedling stage. The application of spreading, strip application, deep application and shallow application mainly depends on the characteristics of different fertilizers and the distribution characteristics of crop types and roots. It is particularly important to note that excessive concentration of urea and high-nitrogen compound fertilizers can lead to burn-in and seedling-inhibition, which can lead to crop yield reduction, nutrient waste and environmental pollution.

Author: Cao Yiping
Source: Farmers Daily
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