The European Union has invested 7 million euros in the "Horizon 2020" program to fund the development of technologies for the extraction of rare earth elements such as Sc from industrial waste, and has used ionic liquids to successfully recover rare earth elements from bauxite slag. The project named SCALE is oriented towards industrialization. The research team is composed of 18 institutions in 10 countries including Greece, Germany, Sweden, and Hungary, including 10 companies and 8 academic research institutions, covering the whole value chain process of cesium. . Radon and other rare earth elements can greatly change the properties of materials and play an important role in new materials. They are key components of solid oxide fuel cells and high-strength aluminum alloys for aerospace and 3D printing applications in wind turbines, automobiles, There is an irreplaceable role in the manufacture of computers, smart phones and other high-tech products. Due to scarcity and high production costs (currently in Asia and Russia), its supply is limited. In Europe, there are no manufacturers that produce silicon, but there are many end users. The SCALE project aims to develop technologies that can extract germanium from European industrial waste, thus forming a European supply chain and alleviating European dependence on imported rare earths. In Europe, five million tons of bauxite slag are produced each year in the aluminum production process. In the production of titanium dioxide pigment, 1.4 million tons of acidic waste will be produced. If there is a feasible extraction technology, the content of antimony in these industrial wastes will reach the scope of exploitation. The purpose of the SCALE project is to develop innovative technologies that can extract low levels of plutonium from these industrial wastes in an economical and sustainable manner and upgrade them to pure oxides, metals and alloys at low energy and material costs. Other rare earth elements are also extracted. Currently, Greek scientists have developed a simple method to dissolve and separate rare earth elements from bauxite slag. This method uses ionic liquids instead of traditional solvents, and can selectively leach rare earth elements without the need to dissolve the entire solid material. The bauxite slag is poured into the reactor containing the ionic liquid solution. After several hours, the rare earth element can be completely dissolved in the ionic liquid. Adding some acid to the filtered liquid can restore the ionic liquid to be reusable. In the state, the rest is a rare earth-containing extract. Because ionic liquids are non-flammable and non-volatile, they can be operated at higher temperatures without causing fire or health hazards.
Plastics materials are a group of synthetic materials that have become essential in today's world due to their versatility, durability, and low cost. These materials are used in a wide range of applications, from packaging and consumer goods to construction and automotive industries.
There are various types of plastics, classified based on their properties and the manufacturing process. These include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, and polycarbonate, among others.
Polyethylene is the most commonly used plastic and is often used in packaging materials such as plastic bags and containers. Polypropylene is similar to polyethylene but is more rigid, and thus, often used in products that require a stiffer material, such as automotive parts and furniture.
Polystyrene is a rigid and transparent plastic that is often used in products such as disposable cups, cutlery, and packaging materials. Polyvinyl chloride, commonly known as PVC, is a popular plastic for construction materials such as pipes, electrical cables, and window frames.
Nylon is a strong and flexible plastic used in various applications, such as clothing, carpet fibers, and mechanical parts. Polycarbonate is a durable and transparent plastic often used in products such as safety goggles, aircraft windshields, and electronic device screens.
While plastics have revolutionized various industries, the disposal of plastic waste has become a significant environmental concern. Recycling and proper disposal of plastics materials are crucial to reducing plastic pollution and preserving the environment for future generations.
Overall, plastics materials have significantly impacted modern society, providing solutions for various industrial and consumer needs. As research and innovation continue to advance, it is expected that even more sustainable and eco-friendly plastics materials will emerge.
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