Fire safety problems and supervision countermeasures of ancient buildings in Fenghuang Ancient Town

Abstract : This paper analyzes the fire safety problems in the ancient buildings in Fenghuang Ancient Town, Shaanxi, and puts forward the fire safety supervision measures in ancient towns from the aspects of perfecting the system of barriers and making protection plans.

Key words : ancient town ; ancient architecture ; fire safety ; supervision measures

Fenghuang Ancient Town is located at the Shechuan River in Laishui County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province. It is located at the junction of the Shechuan River, Zao River Ditch, and the Drainage Ditch Sanhe Exit. It is now under the jurisdiction of Fengzhen Township, Fenghuang Township. According to historical records, the ancient town of Fenghuang was built at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty and was rejuvenated during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has a history of 1,400 years since then. In the more than 2,000-meter-long ancient town, more than 120 residences in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have been preserved so far. The clustered residential buildings and the “squid-like” radiant conjoined buildings, the street along both sides of the Old Street are full of shops, the shops are followed by houses, and the courtyard houses are the mainstays. The ancient buildings follow the Huizhou style. In December 2002 , it was included in the fourth batch of cultural relics protection units of “inhabitants of ancient buildings” in Shaanxi Province. With the rise of the tourism industry in recent years, the development of the local economy has led to an increase in the number of shops for catering, entertainment, special products, and folk products. The flow of people and logistics have increased. The former major commercial and trade towns have been prosperous. This has also brought ancient towns to Phoenix. Many fire safety hazards. It is particularly necessary to strengthen the fire protection and management of ancient buildings.

1 Fire safety problems in ancient buildings in Fenghuang Ancient Town

1. 1 Low fire resistance rating and large fire load in ancient buildings

Although the houses in ancient towns were built of bricks and masonry bases and green brick walls, the internal components such as pillars, beams, and roofs were mostly made of wood. The partition walls and enclosures were mostly wood panels, and the fire load was far higher than the current state. The standard specifies the fire load. Some houses are in disrepair, and the earthen paint on the surface of the wooden components is basically detached. After being exposed to the wind and sun, the water content is very low and the texture is loose. In the dry season, when the fire source is encountered, it is easy to catch fire.

1.2 The density of ancient buildings is small and the distance between fires is small

In the site selection, layout, and construction of ancient town buildings, ancient architects used natural environments according to geography, and they were arranged according to the situation, freely arranged, built in series, and arranged in dozens of households. Although a single building is constructed as a unit on the layout, multiple single buildings form a courtyard, but some house corridors are connected and the buildings are connected to each other. There is no fire prevention distance. Once a fire occurs, it is not conducive to safe evacuation. Not conducive to smoke heat loss, the rapid spread of fire, it is easy to form a "fire burns" situation.

1. 3 fire lanes can not meet the requirements, lack of fire water

The streets of the ancient town are made of stone slabs. Due to historical reasons, the streets are very narrow, the narrowest part is less than 4 m , the streets are more than 2,000 meters long and the circuitous ones are complicated. The steps in the street are stacked and the stone piers are scattered. In addition, most of the ancient towns are dead, although there are two small streams along the main street, but the water is small and covered with slate. There are rivers in the territory passing but far away from the ancient town, and the terrain is limited by the terrain. It is difficult to take water. Once a fire occurs, the fire truck cannot pass through, and the fire fighting water cannot be met, which brings great difficulties to the fire.

1.4 Poor fire safety awareness and lack of firefighting facilities

Most of the residents in the ancient town lived from generation to generation. Most of the young and strong people went out to work. Only a part of the elderly, women and children remained behind. Many residents still maintain the sunrise and sunset habits. The cultural level of this group of people is low, and a considerable number of people are not aware of it. Even some people are not even aware of the fire report, let alone some basic fire prevention and fire fighting common sense. The weak awareness of fire safety made them unable to defend themselves after a fire and did not know how to safely evacuation. In addition, no township fire hydrant has been built in the ancient town, and the construction of public fire protection facilities is seriously lagging behind, which can easily result in greater casualties and property losses.

1. 5 environmental changes, increased fire-induced factors

With the improvement of people’s material and cultural living standards and the continued continuation of “Golden Holidays”, tourism and religious activities have become more and more frequent. The ancient town of Phoenix, with its cultural history, has gradually become a good place for people to visit and enjoy sightseeing. The residents of Guzhen resorted to the development of tourism and transformed their home-fronted houses into shops, mainly engaged in catering, entertainment, native products, folk products, and tourist accommodation. At the same time, fire-induced factors have also increased.

(1) Operators fail to realize their interests because of their blind pursuit of economic interests. The use of fire, electricity, gas, oil is not standardized, professional electrical lines without transformation, lighting line pull random access private, circuit overload long run, the use of firewood for cooking, no fire with fire fighting since the beginning of Facilities, lack of fire extinguishers, inconsistent configuration models, and outdated use are phenomenal.

(2) Some people often throw cigarette butts after smoking.

(3) The “triple play” and “all-in-one” phenomena of production, management, living accommodation and storage are widespread.

Weak 1.6 rescue forces, self-defense self-help poor

The fire squadron is the only professional rescue force in the county. It is located in Xialiang Town, Zhashui County, about 40 km from the ancient town . Although the provincial highway No. 307 passed through the town, road conditions on some road sections were poor and the roads were winding. If a fire broke out, the rescue team of the squadron rushed to the site for at least 2 hours to delay the fight. In addition, the local township government established a compulsory fire brigade. However, because of the large mobility of personnel, the shortage of fire-fighting equipment and personal protective equipment, inadequate funds, and poor training, the development of rescue forces has caused some obstacles. In the event of a fire, the fire could not be extinguished in a timely manner due to problems such as untimely convening of personnel, insufficient supply of equipment and equipment, and lack of actual combat capability.

1. 7 Cultural Relics and Ancient Buildings Management Departments, Unclear Duties

The management of the ancient town involves cultural relics, gardens, tourism, religion, forestry, public security, and other departments. However, there are problems such as unclear responsibilities, lack of special funds, and shortage of security personnel. There is no fire safety system in Guzhen, there is no fixed management personnel, and the protection institutions and mechanisms for cultural relics and buildings are not perfect. Special funds for cultural relics protection are not included in the budget, and fire safety management measures cannot be effectively implemented.

2 Fire safety supervision measures

2. 1Strengthen the construction of firefighting organizations, improve the rules and regulations

The local government should set up an integrated management department for ancient towns. It is mainly responsible for the protection and management of ancient towns and regulates comprehensive services such as excursions, accommodation, catering, shopping, culture and entertainment. On the one hand, this maintains the "original flavor" of the ancient buildings in the ancient town, which enables the effective implementation of safety protection measures and management systems. On the other hand, the introduction of standardized tourism service management concepts can further strengthen the construction of the ancient town itself and promote safety management. , Forming a virtuous circle mechanism. In the field of fire safety management, the ancient town comprehensive management department should establish a fire safety leading group or fire prevention committee step by step, set up a fire prevention and defense organization, and make it clear that the unit leader is responsible for fire safety, determine the full-time fire safety manager, and conduct fire safety inspections. The implementation of joint defense cooperation, group prevention and group management, so that the fire safety management rules to follow, there are so that it is feasible. According to Article 39 of the "Fire Protection Law of the People's Republic of China" : "The administrative units of ancient buildings listed as national key cultural relics protection units farther away from the local public security fire brigade shall establish a full-time fire brigade to undertake the fire of their own units. Extinguishing work." A special (part -time ) fire brigade may be established to absorb some residents of ancient towns as compulsory fire fighters, equipped with necessary fire-fighting equipment and personal protective equipment, carry out regular business training, improve the ability to fight fire fighting, and accomplish self-defense and self-rescue work. .

2. 2 scientific research and judgment, issued fire protection planning for ancient buildings in ancient towns

The State Council's "Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Fire Control Work" ( Guofa [ 2011 ] No. 46 ) pointed out : "We must scientifically formulate and strictly implement the urban and rural fire protection plans, and must not approve the implementation of urban and rural planning without fire protection planning." The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics stipulates : “The cultural relic protection unit shall formulate a special overall protection plan, and the cultural relic protection project shall be carried out in accordance with the approved provisions.”

(1) The government should come forward to organize the planning, design, construction, urban management, municipal administration, cultural relics, tourism, religion, civil administration, public security, fire control, and other relevant departments to formulate and issue a scientific and reasonable Phoenix town fire protection plan as soon as possible, mainly including fire control. Safety layout, fire station, fire exit, fire water supply, fire communication, firefighting equipment, etc.

(2) Based on the fire protection plan of Fenghuang Township issued, the protection plan for ancient buildings in Fenghuang Ancient Town shall be formulated, and the fire safety protection plan for ancient buildings in ancient towns shall be included in the overall protection plan, and implementation shall be accelerated.

2. 3 Strengthening Fire Safety Supervision and Implementing Management Measures Fire safety management alone cannot be implemented by a single department or a single unit.

(1) The local fire protection agencies are far from the ancient towns, and it is difficult to implement regular daily fire supervision and management work, but they can join cultural, religious, tourism, and civil administration functional management departments. Each year they come in key seasons such as the tourist season, winter and summer fire season, and other key periods. Before the unified leadership of the local government, a joint fire safety inspection was organized.

(2) In accordance with the principle of territorial management, the local public security agency should divide the fire supervision and management of the ancient town into local police stations, clarify the responsibility for supervision, carry out unscheduled fire safety inspections by the local police station, and urge the ancient towns comprehensive management department and residents of the ancient town. Implement fire safety measures and rectify fire hazards.

(3) The integrated management department of the ancient town shall combine the fire safety management work with the management of public security, sanitation, environmental protection, and tourism services, carry out regular inspections of fire hazards, and promptly identify problems and timely rectification.

(4) Residents of ancient towns should carry out self-checking and self-correction of fire hazards. Regardless of the fire hazards pointed out by the relevant departments and units, or self-discovered fire hazards, they must adopt methods of spot rectification, gradual rectification, and deadline rectification so as to strive to conceal hidden dangers. Eliminated in the bud.

2.4 Strengthen Fire Fighting Education and Improve Fire Safety Awareness

Fire-fighting agencies and public security police stations shall strengthen fire-fighting safety training and publicity and education for employees of ancient towns, residents, and tourists, so as to increase local people's awareness of fire safety and self-defense and self-rescue capability.

(1) Fire warning signs are set up at prominent locations such as entrances and intersections of ancient towns and serve as warning signs.

(2) Set instruction signs and operation diagrams near the firefighting facilities and equipment for easy access.

(3) Strengthen the safety management education on the use of fire, electricity, gas, and oil, and regularly organize residents of ancient towns to carry out fire safety drills to increase the skills of fire self-rescue and escape.

(4) Launch residents of ancient towns to “learn fire protection, understand fire protection, and extinguish fires”, improve fire protection awareness and legal concepts, and educate residents of ancient towns to actively and actively carry out rectification of fire hazards.

(5) The ancient town comprehensive management department may implement the “finding fault” fire risk action to allow tourists to find hidden fire hazards during the play process. This is not only a good image promotion activity, but also can supervise and improve the fire safety environment of the ancient town. Standardize the ancient town of fire safety management.

2. 5 Increase capital investment and rectify the inherent safety hazards of ancient towns The fire safety protection of ancient towns is not only the actual needs of ancient town residents to defend their “generation ancestral homes” and “living homes”, but also the government’s protection of cultural relics and historical sites. Objective and practical needs. Therefore, in order to combine protection and utilization, the government should establish a special fund for cultural relics protection for ancient towns and include it in the budget. The expenditures for fire safety renovation and routine financial support should be included.

(1) Solve the problem of low fire resistance of the building itself. The government should organize residents to carry out local reconstruction of ancient buildings. Without destroying the overall appearance, the fire protection coating can be applied to the surface of the original wooden structural members, which will solve the problem of wood structural components prone to fire. Set up a firewall to solve the problem of building density.

(2) Solve the fire water problem. The government's investment can set up outdoor fire pipe networks and fire hydrants outside the ancient town without affecting the appearance and integrity of the ancient town. In addition to this, a number of fire fighting reservoirs can be built, equipped with sand and soil, and the use of natural water sources can be modified and used to increase the number of motorized pumps . Residents can also install water storage tanks in the courtyard, adding to the ancient charm and solving the problem of fire water sources. Insufficient contradiction.

(3) Solve the problem of transforming electrical circuit. The renovation project of electrical circuits is both professional and capital-intensive, and a considerable number of residents are unwilling or unable to implement them. The government should negotiate with residents, adopt joint funding methods, and uniformly invite tenders, hire professional design units, and be experienced and skilled. The electrical engineering department undertakes the renovation project [ 1 ]. The implementation of electrical circuits in ancient buildings must be carried through pipe laying. The use of copper, iron wire, aluminum wire, and other metals is not allowed in fuses. The power switch box should be installed outdoors and other relevant regulations.

(4) Solve the problem of inadequate firefighting facilities. Public fire extinguishers should be set up in the public areas of ancient towns to ensure the proper use of dedicated personnel for maintenance and management. At the same time, residents should be encouraged to deploy household fire extinguishers.

(5) Solve the problem of weak fire fighting and rescue forces. By the government's unified recruitment of contract fire fighters and the implementation of personnel wages, benefits and other issues, in order to retain a group of people, establish a relatively stable fire and rescue forces.

This article is from the "Firefighting Technology and Product Information" 2015 the first period, re-edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.