2007 to 2016 Nearly ten years of serious arson attacks on buses in China

(1) “Social hazards are big and the nature is bad”: bus arson incidents seriously endanger public safety, causing not only the destruction of urban infrastructure, but also the fatal casualties of a large number of innocent passengers ( Table 1) . It also seriously threatens the lives of the general public. Property security creates psychological panic and affects social stability and harmony. Bus emergency has become a new topic of social management and has also become a new area for pre-hospital emergency care.

(2) There are three backgrounds for “holidays, downtown areas, and peak periods”: As can be seen from Table 1 , most of the arsonists choose to spend special days such as Golden Week, holidays and weekends, and use commutes during the rush hour to make the city prosperous. The major downtown areas, such as lots, premeditated the implementation of arson on buses to achieve the hotspot effect of “affecting urban traffic, threatening public safety, and triggering social sensitivities”. This has certain universality.

(3) "bus security weak link": If this all travelers when traveling to other transport aircraft, trains, subways, ships, etc., there are basic security checkpoints. Compared to buses, arsonists camouflage flammable and explosive products on board ( through plastic bottles, boxes, buckets, woven bags, etc. ) . Throughout the 21 incidents in this study , all types of combustion-supporting liquids were directly used, such as alcohol, banana water, and gasoline. In particular, the use of gasoline is the largest, accounting for 76% . 2 %.

(4) “Burning fire in buses is rapid”: Ignition of related fuels from arsonists to the entire bus compartment. This group of statistics shows ( Table 2) that the time spent is as short as 10 s , and the longest is not more than 5 min . This also confirms the special test of "bus crashes, escape time up to 2 to 5 minutes ."

(5) “Public arson passengers escape difficultly”: The bus compartments of buses are often narrow and long and have limited space. With the development of social economy in recent years, the number of air-conditioned buses has increased dramatically, and the latter has added doors/windows. Containment and other factors, coupled with more passengers on the bus, especially during holidays and commutes peaks, and even the occurrence of personnel overload, etc. ( The 4 most severe of the 21 studies were overloaded. Arson, passengers panicked and escaped more difficult.

3 . 2 Foreign response to bus attacks

Established by the United States Congress

(1) Full training of drivers to enhance their ability to identify attackers and take appropriate actions;

(2) Bus station security officer (Veterans) stop and search suspicious persons;

(3) Popularize education to prevent knowledge;

(4) Special anti-explosion methods ( including the use of search dogs for spot checks on buses, intelligence collection and infiltration, cross-border capture and raids on public buses, etc. ) ;

(5) "Anti-terrorism bus" put into trial operation. This car is a new type of bus designed to prevent suicide bombing. The technology comes from military aircraft. The car is also equipped with remote sensors that detect the 1m outside the passenger if anyone carrying explosives, and issued warnings.

3 . 3 First aid points for domestic bus arson

Based on the above characteristics, using foreign experience for reference, combined with the data of this study, we combed out the main emergency aid points for the arson of buses with their own characteristics.

3 . 3 . 1 strengthen prevention

We highly value the vicious bus arson and take the initiative to prevent it.

(1) To improve the laws and regulations, strengthen the manpower for punishment, and carry out high-strike blows to arsonists and break their evil beliefs;

(2) Strengthen bus safety inspection measures, improve the supervision system and monitoring equipment, etc., and "double-prong" the "entrance" of good buses;

(3) Extend publicity for public transport safety, strictly prohibit passengers from carrying flammable ( explosive ) or dangerous goods on board;

(4) Standardize the various behaviors of bus operations to prevent violations such as overloading and speeding, and pay special attention to the three background phenomena of “Festival El , downtown, and peak period” and strengthen prevention.

3 . 3 . 2 Self-help first

It is not realistic and scientific to passively wait for a professional rescue team ( firefighting, medical treatment ) against the reality of bus burning such as "rapid fire, passenger escape, and short escape time." Eventually, it will injure self and endanger. life. Therefore, in the face of bus arson, passengers should be encouraged to take the initiative to self-rescue and call emergency telephones at the earliest time. At the same time, social media and professional organizations should strengthen public education, knowledge training and simulated drills on how to escape bus fires, and widely improve passengers. The concept of emergency awareness and self-help of the public and public transport employees reminds the public to maintain certain vigilance on suspicious persons or things, discovers them in a timely manner, and seeks to stop the arsonists’ criminal behavior and strive to eliminate the dangers in the bud. In the 21 incidents in this paper , two zero-casualties bus arson cases ( Table 1) were discovered and stopped in a timely manner because of the training experience of passengers and drivers involved in the public transportation. The passengers quickly withdrew to achieve the best self-rescue effect, which is worth summing up.

3 . 3 . 3 Emergency coordination

(1) Bus arson events often occur in “holidays, downtown areas, and peak periods”. Once a bus is burned, it is easy to cause traffic congestion and block the “life channel”;

(2) The narrow and long shape of the bus compartments, with a large number of seats inside, leads to limited space, and with the tightness of the doors/windows, all cause difficulties in escape and rescue;

(3) “The bus starts a fire and the escape time is at most 2-5 min. ” The time is extremely limited. Therefore, in order to achieve optimal first-aid performance, government emergency function departments such as 120 , 119 , and 110 must work together and quickly ( especially to transport the injured in a timely manner ) to achieve good results. Throughout the rescue process, "full effort to save people" has always been the top priority.

3 . 3 . 4 centralized treatment

In emergency medical care for arson attacks, “centralized treatment” is one of the most important principles ( second priority ) . This involves both the unified treatment from a professional point of view and the centralized management of the wounded in the group. It does not advocate the scattered and scattered treatment of wounded people at different levels of medical institutions. Of course, in order to achieve the best effect of centralized treatment, related medical systems must have such scientific and orderly emergency treatment solutions as “leadership, multi-joint, emergency diversion, and unimpeded flow”.

3 . 3 . 5 emphasis on particularity

For the special characteristics of the bus burned wounded, the main points of its pre-hospital emergency care should include the most basic steps such as rapid recovery, establishment of liquid channels, protection of burn wounds, and elimination of airway obstruction. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the occurrence and evolution of special injuries such as large-scale burns, inhalation of human injuries, complex injuries and multiple injuries. Therefore, pre-hospital, mid-hospital, and in-hospital links all require professional treatment of burns and wounds. This is in line with the principles of scientific treatment and reflects the basic essence of “integration of wound care”.

In summary, when encountering special events such as the burning of buses, the rapid pre-hospital on-site first aid is the key to the entire rescue process. Successful cases of this research data fully illustrate this point and reflect the current prehospital emergency system in China. The advantages. But more importantly, it is necessary to attach great importance to such emergencies, strengthen publicity and active prevention, strengthen the construction of the first aid system, popularize the self-help knowledge of the people, and deal with all-sided calmly.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.