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1 soybean demand for major nutrients
Soybeans have relatively high economic value in grain and oil crops. Although soybeans require more nitrogen, they can be nitrogen-fixed by root nodules, which can generally be obtained from the atmosphere by 5-7.5 kg/mu, which is about 40%-60% of soybean nitrogen. For every 100Kg of soybean produced, it is necessary to absorb nitrogen (N) 1.8-10.1Kg, phosphorus (P2O5) 1.8-3.0Kg, and potassium (K2O) 2.9-3.0Kg from the soil. The demand ratio of the three elements of NPK is 1:0.17-0.23:0.39-0.41. It absorbs far more nutrients than rice, wheat and corn.
2 Soybean fertilizer absorption rules
Soybean growth and development are divided into seedling stage, branching stage, flowering stage, pod-forming stage, blast stage and maturity stage. The whole growth period is 90-130 days. The law of fat absorption is:
(1) Nitrogen absorption rate. The emergence and branching period accounted for 15% of the total nitrogen uptake during the whole growth period, 16.4% from the branching to the full bloom period, 28.3% from the flowering to the pod-forming period, and 24% in the blast period. Flowering to the blast stage is the peak period of soybean nitrogen uptake. (2) Phosphorus absorption rate. From the seedling stage to the initial flowering stage, it accounts for 17%, from the initial flowering to the umbilical period, accounting for 70%, and the drumming to maturity period accounts for 13%. In the middle of soybean growth, phosphorus is most needed. (3) Potassium absorption rate. The cumulative potassium uptake before flowering accounted for 43%, and the flowering to drum phase accounted for 39.5%. It still needs to absorb 17.2% of potassium from the granule to the mature stage. It can be seen from the above that the flowering to the granule stage is the peak period of soybean dry matter accumulation and the peak period of absorbing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients.
3 technical points of soybean fertilization
Soybean fertilization system generally consists of base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and top dressing. The principle of fertilization is to ensure that soybeans have sufficient nutrients and to exert nitrogen fixation by rhizobium. Therefore, whether in the early or late stage of growth, nitrogen should not be excessive, so as not to affect the growth of rhizobium or cause lodging. On the other hand, it is also necessary to correct the misconception that “soybean has no need for nitrogen fertilizerâ€. Fertilization requires a reasonable combination of a large amount of elements of NPK and boron and molybdenum, and a combination of delayed and quick-acting fertilizers. The summary is as follows:
3.1 Application of organic fertilizers for base fertilizers is a key measure for soybean yield increase.
In the field of rotation, organic fertilizer can be applied to the former grain crops, while soybeans use their aftereffects. Conducive to nodulation and nitrogen fixation, increase soybean yield. Planting soybeans on low-fertility soil can add 10Kg of superphosphate and potassium chloride as base fertilizer, which is good for increasing soybean yield.
3.2 Fertilizer generally uses 10Kg-15Kg superphosphate or 5Kg diammonium phosphate as seed fertilizer per acre, and boron-poor soil plus borax 0.4-0.6Kg.
Since soybean is a dicotyledonous crop, it is difficult to top the seed when the seed is emerged. The seed fertilizer is best applied to the lower part or the side of the seed. Do not allow the seed to directly contact with the fertilizer. In addition, the province of Huaibei and other places with 1%-2% ammonium molybdate seed dressing, the effect is also very good.
3.3 proof of fattening practice,
In the soybean seedling stage, when no root nodules have been formed in the roots, or when the nodule activity is weak, an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer can make the plants grow robustly. It is also necessary to apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer at the early flowering stage as appropriate. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is generally 7.5-10Kg of urea applied per mu.
In addition, the flowering period is sprayed with 0.2-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution or 100Kg extra root with 2-4Kg of superphosphate water per acre, which can increase the nitrogen content of the grain and increase the yield significantly. According to the data, the flowering period is sprayed. Applying 0.1% borax, copper sulfate, and manganese sulfate aqueous solution can promote the fullness of the grain and increase the oil content of the soybean.
(2) Sweet potato fertilization technology
1 sweet potato needs for major nutrients
Sweet potato is a combination of food and vegetables and has high nutritional value. It is also a raw material for industrial production, and planting has received more and more attention in recent years. The sweet potato roots are deep and wide, and the stems can root, and the ability to absorb fertilizer is very strong. A certain amount of yield can also be obtained on poor soils, which often leads people to mistakenly believe that sweet potatoes do not need to be fertilized. Practice has proved that sweet potato is a crop that needs to be very fertile.
According to the research, about 3500-5000Kg of fresh potato per mu, 3.5Kg of nitrogen (N), 1.8Kg of phosphorus (P2O5) and 5.5Kg of potassium (K2O) are absorbed from the soil for 1000Kg of sweet potato. The ratio of NPK is 1: 0.51:1.57. Sweet potato is a potassium-producing crop, and the application of potassium fertilizer has obvious effects on yield and quality. Sweet potato is a chlorine, when the application of ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and other chlorinated fertilizers exceeds a certain amount, not only will the potato starch content decrease, but the potato pieces are not resistant to storage.
2 sweet potato fertilizer absorption rules
The sweet potato seedlings absorb less nutrients. From the branching stage to the stem and leaf growth period, the absorption of nutrients is faster, the amount of absorption is increased, and it is gradually decreasing near the later stage. When the potato pieces are rapidly expanding, the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus is decreased. The amount of potassium absorbed remains high.
3 sweet potato fertilization technology points
Fertilization of sweet potato should adopt appropriate fertilization methods according to climate, soil characteristics and growth of each growth stage of the plant. The summary is as follows:
3.1 Basic fertilizer base fertilizer is the main measure for sweet potato fertilization.
The base fertilizer should be based on high quality organic fertilizer. Sandy land, good permeability, large temperature difference between day and night, poor water retention and fertilizer retention, it is better to use semi-fertilized organic fertilizer as base fertilizer; clay soil should be applied to decomposed organic fertilizer. Part of the nitrogen fertilizer and all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the fertilizer can also be applied simultaneously with the base fertilizer.
3.2 Topdressing If the amount of nitrogen applied to the base fertilizer is insufficient, it should be topdressed in stages, and in the medium term. The specific topdressing period should be flexible. If the soil is dry when planting, the temperature is low, and the potato seedlings are weak, the seedling fertilizer can be applied early. In the branching and potato-growing stage, the branching is late, the stems and leaves are not growing vigorously, and the leaves are small, and the plant fertilizer should be applied early. If the plant grows normally, it can be applied less or not. Enter the rapid expansion period of potato chips. If the stems and leaves are prematurely degraded, the leaf area index will decrease rapidly. When the defoliation rate increases, the nitrogen fertilizer can be traced 1-2 times. The dosage is determined according to the climatic conditions and seedling conditions. When the soil is cracked and the potato is swollen, in case of drought, the stems and leaves turn yellow earlier, and when the number of yellow leaves increases, more manure should be applied. If the soil is moist, the autumn rain is more, and the stems and leaves turn yellow, the grass ash can be used more. It can be 1-2 times longer than the rain, and vice versa.
In short, the principle of sweet potato fertilization is that the sand land should be applied in small quantities several times, the number of top dressings is reduced, and the amount of topdressing can be increased appropriately. Under the condition of sufficient water source and good water conditions, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be controlled to avoid causing stems and leaves to grow. The potato chips grow, otherwise the yield will be reduced and the fertilizer efficiency will not be high.
Introduction to soybean and sweet potato fertilization technology
(1) Soybean Fertilization Technology
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